Scanning quickly thru logo balls and a course list I've kept, I'm guessing that I've played maybe a dozen or so courses that have later closed. The only one that I can think of that has reopened is a Denis Griffiths design in Little River, SC north of Myrtle Beach. It was called Eastport orginally, closed down for several years, then reopened as The Valley at Eastport. I think the reopening was, at least in part, due to a successful lawsuit by the residents of the adjoining housing/condo development.
There is another course on the northern end of the Myrtle Beach area that will be interesting in this regard IF it ever opens. There were two courses at Angel's Trace in Sunset Beach that closed a number of years ago, but have been bought by Ocean Ridge Plantation. The plan has been for Tim Cate to use the existing corridors of the 36 holes of Angel's Trace to build an 18 hole course to be the 5th course at Ocean Ridge. Both of the Angel's Trace courses were pretty good Clyde Johnston designs, and Tim Cate does excellent work, so I'd be very hopeful about such a course. But it's been stalled for at least 5 years now, and I wonder when/if it will ever actually happen. Ocean Ridge still has a blurb on the website about it, but no updates or idea of when it might be completed.
I'd make a guess and say that if a course DOES close and doesn't reopen pretty quickly, it becomes less likely to EVER reopen, even if the land hasn't been used for something else. The passage of time would seem to me to make it more likely with each passing month that buyers/backers would assume that the financials not only didn't work, but never will. That's just a guess from a guy with no money...