Fernandina Beach is pretty far away. No. Solid course though, at least if you play the right two nines.
Sugarloaf is excellent, but I wouldn't call it Gainesville or anything close. Ditto World Woods.
This is my suggestion:
#1 on your list - The U of FL course, if you can access it. Easy, its actually in Gainesville.
#2 is easily Golden Hills in Ocala, across the street from Golden Ocala. They held a USGA event this year and definitely have a hidden gem. It was a good course before a recent Rees-toration. Very close to I-75, so you can get there in less than 40 minutes I'd think. Very inexpensive as well.
#3 is Golden Ocala, if you can access.
#4 is probably Juliette Falls. I love courses named after professional wrestlers and adult film stars. Don't be weirded out by the strange name. An excellent modern golf course. Gainesville to Dunnellon is showing about an hour.
#5: My recommendation here is sure to raise a few eyebrows. The Country Club at Silver Springs Shores (I think that's the name) is a wild track designed by Desmond Muirhead. It recently held the state HS tournament. It surrounding area is a ghost town of condos, so the setting is odd. Around Ocala, so also about 50 minutes from G'ville.
If you expand to a 90 minute radius you pick up all sorts of stuff like the Dunes, World Woods, Brooksville CC, and even El Diablo. The latter once won a Best New award and has fallen into poor conditions (I'm told, haven't been there for years).
I think Keystone Heights may have a 9-hole course designed by Donald Ross. If not him, it at least is from that era. Be careful driving through Waldo and another neighboring town, though. They are #1 and #2 on the list of worst speed traps in America.
Daylight is very short. If you are working and only have a little time on the weekend it will definitely limit your golf options.
The CC of Ocala is a lot of fun to play and is considered a favorite by a lot of central Floridians. I cannot comment on Haile Plantation, the private club in Gainesville, as I have not seen it.
Good luck. If you do go to Sugarloaf, see if you can swing a doubleheader with Bella Colina. It is very near. Not to be forgotten, El Campeon at Mission Inn is actually a tad closer than either of these. Of course, none are anywhere near Gainesville.