Jeremy,
Glad you brought up The Old Course. The notion that it was configured to play from one particular place is a modern perception indeed. It is a wrong perception from what we know of golf, its beginnings and TOC specifically. Golf, in its very early origin, was not at all defined or constrained to teeing the ball from one locale. Only when rules were adopted did we see a set place, and even then it was a 360-degree circle away from the previous hole. This is a rather recent change in the game — it is only a few generations ago.
There is more than great possibility that holes were carved in different locales at TOC on occasion, so tees would have been regularly different when this change for wear and tear or intrigue was performed. Also, the cross-country aspect of golf prior to "courses" was much less defined — the teeing ground being virtually anywhere and anytime — after seventy shots, or six, or 102.
What "Old Course" do you consider so "perfect" as to claim your contention that multiple tees do not belong on older layouts, and only on modern venues? Is TOC the "ideal" links you see now? Or is it the one of 100 years ago? Or is it the one we cannot see, but will replace TOC in 175 years, when our words are archived in some new format for future generations to ponder?
One cannot — indeed, should not — relegate golf to an ideal of what is right or wrong based on a conceived notion of its playing board. Your assertion that there is a "perfect design" is just as fallible as that which says multiple tees are either good or bad. Playing from various spots is inherent in golf, so I would proclaim that multiple teeing grounds (the tee itself being an artificial condition in golf) is, in fact, much more along the lines of the ancient game and golf's origins than would be the set, one-place-only, do-not-even-think-of-playing-from-another-spot "tee".
If it is a link to the past that you seek, you cannot argue that multiple teeing spots is more like "real" golf than the game we play today. Of course, I do not hold hope of any of us defining "real" golf. But it might be an interesting discussion.