My son loves rock climbing and bouldering. In the gym-version of the sport, a route-setter will set up-create "problems" for the climbers to solve. These "problems" are both mental and physical, ie they test the climber's ability to both see-choose the most likely and efficient route to the top and then the skill/technique and strength and stamina needed to reach their goal.
Which is to say, I think there's a good analogy to golf and gca there -- ie the architect in his design & routing sets out 'problems' for the golfer to identify & figure out and then find a way to tackle & overcome. I think 'obstacle' a good word too.