As far as I know, there is no formal consideration given to cart paths when rating a course, but I will tell you that my ratings are occasionally influenced negatively by poor cart path location. Sure, I like minimum cart parths, and I like them to look good, be well hidden, and be in good repair. However, none of those factors will influence my rating of the course.
What I object to are paths that come into play for fairly decent shot. The result of a mediocre to fair shot hit just a little offline or long should not be influenced by a cart path. I can think of several courses where I have dropped my rating slightly. I don't need to name the courses, because my ratings are private, but here are a few circumstances that I recall:
Very good resort course has a par 5 that doglegs a little right at the point where many players would leave their second shot. There is a cart path just left of the fairway and a street just left of that. It doen't take a very bad shot to hit the cart path and bounce into the street.
Another top 100 course has a cart path immediately behind the green on a par 4. Just beyond is a river. Hit it a little long, and you can easily bounce into the river.
Course I used to be a member of has a par 5 bordered by path and ob on the right. Fairway even slopes a little right. Your tee shot can actually land in the fairway, run right through the light rough, across the path and out of bounds.
A PGA tour stop has a similar situation where a tee shot just right of the fairway can hit the path and kick into a yard, ob. Same tournament used to be played on a different course with a par 5 that many players tried to reach in two. Just right of the green was a path waiting to bounce your ball into a neighbor’s yard.
I could go on, but I think you got my point. All of the courses mentioned above, and a few others I didn’t mention, lost at least half point on my rating because of the situations I described. Actually, the first two courses (both in our top 100) had at least two bad path locations