Dunaverty is really good fun -- a short trip by car from Machrihanish, and while not a championship course by any means, and short, it does have some legitimately strong holes, links turf, and some fine views of the sea. A real antique-like place, with a feel that things haven't changed there in years.
Carradale is up the Kintyre Peninsula a bit from Campbeltown, and a longer trip than the shortish jaunt down to Dunaverty. And the latter is 18 holes vs. nine for Carradale. Shiskine, on the Isle of Arran, is a day-trip via car and ferry; a lot of fun, but it carves a day out of your schedule.
For lodging, try the Ardell House in Machrihanish proper; it overlooks the course (you can walk to the clubhouse and first teel), run by a guy who pretty much caters to the golf crowd, and has a fine upstairs sitting room with single malts on tap. Not fancy, but clean and well-run; they guy knows golfers. The Machrihanish clubhouse does do meals, I think, and there is a pub or two in town.