JohnV:
A couple of things:
If it was permitted to lift and identify one's ball in a hazard previous to 1950 as Dennis Harwood mentioned above I was only able to review the R&A Rules of Golf previous to 1950 from the Leith Society website that chronciles the history of the R&A Rules of Golf.
As far as I know there is no website that comparably lists the history of the USGA Rules of Golf.
I also recognize that previous to 1950 and the unification attempt between the R&A and USGA Rules of Golf the two associations Rules of Golf could've been quite different in various areas compared to after 1950 and today.
Here are some of the applicable Rules from the 1946-1950 R&A Rule Book pertaining to identifying one's ball including in sand and in a hazard.
Rule 9
Ball not to be Touched except for Identification
A ball in play may, after intimation is given to his opponent, be lifted for the purposes of identification, but it must be replaced on the spot from which it was lifted.
Rule 21
Looking for Ball in Bent, etc
(1) If a ball be lost in fog, bent, bushes, long grass, or the like, only so much thereof shall be touched as will enable the player to find his ball.
In Sand
(2) If a ball be completely covered by sand, only so much thereof may be removed as will enable the player to see the top of the ball; if the ball be touched in removing the sand, no penalty shall be incurred.
HAZARDS AND CASUAL WATER
Rule 25
When a ball lies in or touches a Hazard, the club shall not touch the ground, nor shall anything be touched or moved, before the player strikes at the ball, subject to the following exceptions:-
(1)The player may place his feet firmly on the ground for the purpose of taking his stance.
(2) In addressing the ball, or in the backward or forward swing, any grass, bent, bush, tree, or other growing substance, or the side of a bunker, wall, paling, or other immovable obstacle may be touched.
(3) Steps or planks placed in a Hazard by the Green Committee for access to or egress from such Hazard, or any obstruction mentioned in Rule 11, may be removed, and if a ball be moved in so doing, it shall be replaced without penalty.
If any fixed steps or plank interfere with a player’s stroke the ball may be lifted and placed as near as possible to the spot where it lay in a similar lie and position without penalty.
(4) Any loose impediment not in or touching the Hazard may be lifted.
(5) The player shall be entitled to find his ball as provided for by Rule 21.
As you can see Rule 9 does seem to say a player can identify his ball anywhere and as you mentioned there are no exceptions to that in that particular Rule. However, Rule 21(2) (In Sand) and Rule 25(5) (Hazards) also seem to put restrictions on that right. And so, it would seem the restriction or exception to lifting and identifying one's ball in a hazard (or in sand) were not in that particular Rule (Rule 9) but in other Rules in the Rule Book (Rule 21 and 25).
Again, this is the R&A Rules of Golf previous to 1950. I don't know if the applicable Rules in the USGA Rule book were the same thing.
It certainly isn't very clear and maybe that's another reason for the unification process of 1950.
If one was able to lift and identify one's ball in a hazard (or in sand) previous to 1950 then one really does wonder what Rules 21(2) and 25(5) are all about and say what they do.
They may be just another example of how the Rules apparently allow or used to allow you to do various things in certain Rules unless some exceptions are put on some of them somewhere else in the Rules.