On the public side - skip everything you mentioned. Drive across the bridge-tunnel to Bay Creek. Nicklaus and Palmer have a pair of pretty good courses over there. Depending on where exactly you are in Virginia Beach, Doak's Riverfront may not be too far away, although personally I'd choose Bay Creek over Riverfront.
If you have any private connections, try to check out Cavalier Golf and Yacht Club. Lester George recently renovated this Charles Banks original, and it has a lot to offer architecturally. Fazio's Bayville is top notch as well, and widely regarded as the best layout at the beach. Both of these are very convenient to the waterfront.
If time is limited and you must play one of the courses you mentioned, I'd put in a vote for the TPC. It may not be Dye's best work, but it has some interesting stuff to offer. IMO it's lack of commercial success has had more to do with the price tag than with the architecture. I haven't been there in over a year, so I can’t vouch for what kind of shape it's in.