The embedded ball rule, Ward, is the opposite- a ball embedded in the GA can be lifted w/o penalty, but the committee can impose a local rule limiting relief to balls embedded in closely mown areas.
I think that BDC was not treated fairly. The officials had access to TV guidance and there is no reason why someone was not stationed in the area around the green that could have been looking for the ball while the players were walking. Additionally, the intent of the ACC rule is to provide relief in extreme circumstances. Not all areas of ACC can be marked, especially after the heavy Wednesday and Thursday rains. IMO, for ANGC, this situation merited relief- and the Committee could have granted it- the ball was barely off the fairway as evidenced by TV replays, the ground was soggy with temporary water in the immediate area, and the rough had gotten away from the superintendent, highly uncharacteristic for the Masters.
The 3-minute rule is one of several that needs to be reconsidered. Taking BDC back to the tee took exponentially more time than had he been allowed the extra time to look for it. Would the USGA and the club prefer that he hit a provisional every time he doesn't pipe one down the middle? The rules, IMO, are to facilitate fair play, which is different than to punish.
As to how BDC reacted, I've seen far, far worse reactions in much lesser events. I know you dinkers don't like the guy, but maybe he too is deserving of some grace? The excitement he brings to golf is incomparable to all but a relative few of his peers. How many fans are drawn to the Masters by good guys like Mike Weir or Zach Johnson?