Winged Foot sits on 280 Acres, probably a bit small in an age where the typical course, on core property, takes 180-200. 27 holes would probably be considered the best fit. Land requirements have gone up, not only due to more length, but more width being considered "standard." Some old courses have the center of the green about 100 feet from center of the adjacent tee. Now, that would be at least 150' to the back, and 175-200 feet to either side, for example. Part is more knowledge about how far the golf ball can go astray, part is fitting cart paths in!
While greens and tees are generally sited further from each other, there would probably not be 300 yard cart rides. Those are what you see in either housing courses or hilly property, and sometimes to get around environmentally sensitive areas.
As to the OP, scale reflects the site. If building in wide open plains, or next to an endless water body, features do seem like they need to be bigger or they look puny in the broader context of nature. If in the woods, where every hole is basically an enclosed space, features should generally be smaller to look right.
That said, the basic size of greens themselves hasn't changed much since the early days in America, or even late 1800's in GBI, varying from 6-8K SF, usually. Yes, they grow in over time, but one of the old dead guys wrote that "greens need not be overly large" and then cited either 8 or 9,000 SF as the right size. In reality, USGA greens and tight budgets keep those below 7K these days, but the size of the bunkers and what not have gotten bigger.
However, there are still some visual composition rules that apply. For example, except in rare cases, I find that a bunker extend that is more than the width of the green away from the green simply looks too big, and not connected to the green. I think we have all seen green complexes dominated by bunkers. Now, sometimes, a huge bunker works, but there are many 1980-1990 courses where huge bunkers dominate on every hole, somewhat losing their effect, especially as the surrounding real estate gets built, trees grow, etc. and the scale of the surroundings comes in.