Mark,
Your title is a bit misleading--there won't be that many mountains along that route!
There are quite a few good options around Denver. If you can gain access, my favorite private clubs not mentioned are Castle Pines, Colorado GC, Cherry Hills, and Ravenna. Pradera is also very good. I would guess Ravenna might be more do-able than the others. On the public side there's still a lot of good stuff--my favorite is probably Bear Dance. I haven't seen CommonGround yet, and others can chime in that have played more of the options more regularly. If you want the mountain experience, go west from Denver for a couple of days and see some combination of Lakota Canyon, Red Sky, Redlands Mesa, and a few others that I haven't seen. Four Mile Ranch is good too, but unlike Matt I'm not as high on it as some of Engh's other work. Its still very good though especially for the price. If you go that way Cougar Canyon in Trinidad is good too, but that adds more driving again. Definitely keep Sanctuary; you'll enjoy seeing how Engh's style evolved from there to Black Rock which I do think is better. Sanctuary is a bit of a thrill ride, but still has a number of good holes. Just hit it straight--its not long.
Gozzer Ranch and Rock Creek are absolutely worth the effort if you can swing them. I liked Black Rock a lot and Idaho Club is a unique experience although really tough. Circling Raven was very enjoyable as well although not in the league of those others.
The issue with Utah is that pretty much everything you would want to see is private--if you can gain access to the clubs in the Park City area it would be a fun detour, but I'm not sure of their policies. If you want good public golf swing south for a couple days to New Mexico and add Paa-Ko Ridge and Black Mesa.