Jason,
First of all, you can't go wrong with anywhere on this list.
Here is my two cents, having just done this for the first time back in June/July:
1) You've come to the right place. Lots of knowledgeable people on here. If you haven't already, look up Kyle Henderson's pictorials, many of the club websites are very limited in course details. And even pictures don't do many of these clubs justice.
2) Know your playing companions. Are they in good physical shape and seeking to play as much golf as possible, do they want to see the country, and how important is it to everyone to see "Open Venues" vs. just quality links golf? Are they early risers or are the pubs a priority?
3) Without question, it is worth the trip to the Highlands to play Royal Dornoch. But don't go unless you can allocate 2 nights of your trip to staying there to truly experience the place. Travel up in the evening, play 36 the first day, and 18 more the next day before you leave. If you're going in the summer, there is a £40 twilight special after 6/6:30pm that is arguably the best deal and one of the greatest experiences in golf. And trust me, you will get it in before darkness.
4) If price matters, Cruden Bay and Royal Aberdeen are exceptional courses that can be paired together and at a significant price savings to Turnberry and Troon.
5) Pay attention to geography as much as your priority list. As much as possible, plan your trip so you can spend 2-3 nights at each destination. You want to spend as much of your trip as possible playing golf and as little time as possible packing and repacking. Even if you plan well, the time goes by very quickly. In the interest of disclosure, we played 3 of the 4 areas (Highlands/Dornoch, Aberdeen, St Andrews/Edinburgh) and made the decision to save the Southwest coast for next time. Many will recommend doing only 2 of the 4.