I don't see golf as a "test" or an "examination" at all, and I don't think it should be. It is a game where there are many different ways to play a round, a hole, or even a single shot. If you want to make it a test, take everyone out to a range or some controlled environment, have them all hit the same shots (drives, fairway woods, long irons, mid irons, short irons, wedges, short shots, putts, trouble shots, etc.) under identical conditions so that "luck" does not come into play, and see who is best.
It is a very American idea that the purpose of a golf tournament, especially a major, should be to identify the best player (I am American by the way); I know the USGA buys into that. We have to find out who is the best and so we have to define what we think the requirements of being the best golfer are (long and straight driving, good long iron play, good short game and putting, etc.), set up a perfectly balanced test to reflect those requirements, take all of the luck and "rub of the green" out, play only stroke play, and only play courses that are perfectly balanced in their demands. I say golf tournaments are played to see who can take the fewest strokes (or win the most matches) in any way necessary, and that's it.
Paul Lawrie took fewer shots than anyone under the conditions at Carnoustie in 1999. Was he the best player? Did he play the best? That's not the point! He won the tournament, and if that was partially because of luck, a good attitude while everyone else whined, Van de Velde, or anything else not directly related to his abilities, then so be it! That's golf, always has been, always will be.
The USGA says they are trying to identify the best players in the world. The R&A seeks to crown someone "the champion golfer of the year". That's a big difference in philosophy, and it is reflected in how each championship is set up.