"I'll have to disagree with you regarding "common ground." As you will know, the Old Course was in private ownership from 1797 to 1894--a very important period in its (and golf's) development, and including the formative time CB McDonald spent at the University of St. Andrews. Whilst the clubs and players had significant rights in those days, these were not due to municpal ownership of the land."
Rich;
Who actually "owned" the land the course (links--TOC) St Andrews is on (and others like it of that time) at some particular point is not the point here unless the ownership of that land during that time in some way altered the way that land was used in the context of "common" ground including the "democratic" playing of the game of golf on it. And it appears we can be pretty sure some ownership of that land between 1797 and whenever did not alter its use for golf and how it was democratically played at all.
That's the point. That's the unique point a man such as Macdonald (and many others before him, some of whom are quoted in his book) made about golf, it's unique "spirit" there and in Scotland as well as its unique "democracy".
If you have it, read the first chapter of Macdonald's book "Scotland's Gift Golf". That first chapter is just shot through with his own personal and highly detailed accounts (with supporting quotations from others long before him) of the ethos of golf there and for literally centuries before. The "democratic" spirit of the game appears total.
If you happen to think Macdonald and all those quoted by him are just telling false and tall tales about those unique characteistics of golf in Scotland during those times then so be it. I don't think that at all.
Those so-called "commons" (despite who may've actually owned them at some point) clearly inspired a "spirit" and "democracy" in early golf in Scotland that even Macdonald who loved it so much came to understand (to his chagrin I might add) was in many ways not transportable to other lands and other cultures. Macdonald concluded that that "spirit" of the game, probably largely including its spirit of democracy was just not transportable because other countries and cultures, particularly America just had none of that history with the game that Scotland did.