Well, I'd say it's theoretical. There are gravitational constraints. You can't golf upside down.
How did we get here?
TEP,
There is nothing wrong with evalutaing golf from a quantitative standpoint. At the end of the day, an experienced golfer knows how golf balls react, whether they know the math or not. It certainly doesn't hurt to understand it, and in the case of golf equipment manufacturers and governing bodies, it is essential information.
The leading questions you pose seem intended to suggest that I'm foolish to be so sure of myself with regards to the nature of things. I don't even know the shortcomings of Newton's laws. But in the context of discussing the physics of golf, the mathematics typically used to describe thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, momentum, energy transfer, and the like, work very accurately. How am I so sure? Because of a different science, statistics. After the first trillion tries where there are no exceptions, you can say with a great deal of certainty that it is so.
So you've hit a bit of a sore spot, because science is under siege in this country, for political and religious reasons. Many scientists have complained their work is being stifled. I believe this is a big mistake.
The answers to your questions are:
1) No, Newton and Einstein are not flat ass wrong, most of their theories continue to be supported by the data, I have no idea about Hawkings, though I've also heard string world theory may not be relevant
2) No. Euclid was smart and brave
3) No. SLAC was not a toy. They discovered tons of new physics, though it didn't yield any useful applications that I know of, unless you consider the fact they were instrumental in the early days of the Internet.
4) None. The laws of Mother Nature will never change. If they do, I owe you a dollar.