I've only played once in the Paris area and it's been several years. The Albatross course at Golf National was pretty interesting, but will probably be fairly expensive. It's the site of the French Open & I think a Von Hagge design. There is at least one other course at the facility that might be cheaper, but I don't know anything about that one.
As I remember, the course is fairly close to Versailles. I don't know about train access. I always had a car when I was in the area.