I grew up here just a few minutes north of Sacramento and have played golf here all my life. Between now being a super at one of the Sac publics and playing high school golf, I've been privilege to play quite a few. One thing I can say.....you've got plenty of variety. And as was mentioned before, on the rare occassion you get tired of courses in this area, SF Bay Area, Tahoe/Reno and Monterey are easy trips to make for a "special" round at a number of top ranked courses.
So, quick run down, including many that have been mentioned:
80-Corridor - I highly recommend Roseville/Lincoln area where I currently reside.....Turkey Creek, Diamond Oaks, Whitney Oaks, Sun City Roseville and Sun City Lincoln (Timber Creek) and the Ridge and Darkhorse up farther in Auburn all are above average caliber (Diamond Oaks being on the lower end as a busy muni)
On the US-50 side - Mather, Wildhawk, Castle Oaks, Empire Ranch, and Apple Mountain farther up the hill, will keep you busy
West Sac - Teal Bend, Wildhorse, Cherry Island (and Antelope Greens across the street for a decent short course option) and the Reserve at Spanos Park down towards Stockton round out this group
Downtown - Haggin Oaks, Bing Maloney, William Land Park, Ancil Hoffman are all classic pure publics that usually hold a special place in every native Sacramentans heart
Slightly more out of bounds - Plumas Lake in Marysville, Southridge in Sutter, Stevinson Ranch, Greenhorn Creek and Saddle Creek all farther south off 99 are all worthwhile for a all-day golf outing
There are still many that I've missed, but those would be my preffered playing groups for the different areas of Sac.
"Top" Lists -
Top 5 Publics I Love to Play - Empire Ranch, Turkey Creek, Teal Bend, The Ridge, Darkhorse (all on the higher end of the rate sheet, but you tend to always get what you pay for, better conditioning than most others in the area and great service)
Top Privates that you can and should play - Granite Bay, Morgan Creek, Winchester, Catta Verdera
Other Privates Worth Looking in to if you're thinking about it - Del Paso, Serrano, Sierra View, Northridge (there are GREAT deals right now for joining private courses around here.....if you play enough golf, it might definetely be worth your while)
I could do a write-up on every course here, but I'll suspend judgement day for another time
Good luck, and feel free to PM me if you do want further details or my personal opnions about value, design or someone to round out your foursome!