Goldfinger probably should have called Bond out on picking up his ball on 18.
Match Play rules. Once Bond missed the putt to tie the hole, he can pick-up.
Then once it "appeared" Goldfinger played the wrong ball back in the fairway, at that point Goldfinger had lost the hole, and neither player needed to play anymore stroke on that hole.
Under both circumstances, Bond was OK to pick-up his ball. No need to hole out once the hole is lost by stokes; or won due to opponent's Lost of Hole penalty when he hit the "wrong" ball.
But didn't Bond forfeit the hole before the wrong-ball penalty was discovered?
This seems somewhat applicable, although I'm not sure that I follow it completely. Assuming that the "four-ball" part doesn't matter and it is just the example used because it is the most common for players to play the wrong ball.
In Four-Ball match play, if no player completes a hole, the side whose player is last to pick up or be disqualified from the hole wins the hole.
For example, side A-B are playing against side C-D in a Four-Ball match. On a given hole, by mistake Player A plays Player C’s ball and then Player C plays Player A’s ball and each hole out with that ball. Player B and Player D both play into penalty areas and pick up. During play of the next hole, Player A and Player C determine that both of them played a wrong ball on the prior hole.
The ruling is that Player A and Player C are disqualified for the prior hole. Therefore, if Player B picked up before Player D, side C-D won the hole and if Player D picked up before Player B, side A-B won the hole. If it cannot be determined which player picked up first, the Committee should rule that the hole was tied.
But was this the rule in 1964?
I am not sure of the 1964 rules, but doubt they are substantially different for this situation
There were only two people playing, so the rules of four ball match play do not apply.
Goldfinger started the hole with the Slazenger 7, which was handed to him by 007 between holes. He finished with the same ball, therefore he did not play a wrong ball.
Bond interfered during the 17th hole by deliberately standing on/over Goldfinger's ball, he should have at least lost the hole based on his activity. Bond knew that Goldfinger started the hole with the 7, and therefore had knowledge that a wrong ball penalty was not enforceable. He lost the hole by strokes.
After the match, if Goldfinger ever, at any time, found out about the true facts and told the Committee, Bond would be retroactively DQed.
But this doesn't make Goldfinger a bad movie by disregarding play by strict rule.