"Fairness" is a construct of the mind of man; it is not a part of nature. And, as has been pointed out, usually when someone says, "That's not fair!" they mean at least in part that they didn't get the outcome they wanted. I think we all understand that.
As an analogy, consider what a "fair" trial means. It does NOT mean that you are guaranteed the outcome that you want, or even that is correct. It means that you are guaranteed a process that is the same as anyone else. Our hope is that if we DO it right, we will GET it right. We don't always get it right, and there are certainly inequalities in the justice system, but the term "due process" ties to the idea that we guarantee the process to which you are entitled. But not the outcome...
I think we can also all agree that the word "fair" is used in golf, as in life, more in connection with things like tough pin positions or severe greens or quirky holes that keep us from the outcome that we wish or think that we deserve. I think we can all agree that using "fair" that way isn't useful, and I don't think Geoff Shackelford was doing anything of the sort.
I think the contrast between what the R&A does (or really, does NOT do) and what the USGA does is analogous to the difference between two judicial systems that function very differently, REGARDLESS OF OUTCOMES. At the British Open, year after year, players get due process; at the US Open they do not.
As distasteful as the Mickelson incident was on Saturday at Shinnecock, and as little sympathy as most of us had and have for him, the simple fact is that the other two incidents that were "precedents", if you will, were Triplett at Olympic and Daly at Pinehurst. What the three incidents had in common were that they happened at the US Open. Draw your own conclusions from the fact that you don't see those things happen anywhere else. (And this is NOT to excuse any of those three golfers, btw, so don't misread this or take me to task about it.)