Peter - Thank you for yet another fascinating cerebral OP and interesting thread. You have a habit of penning them regularly!
I have spent parts of today pondering your questions, and the Carl Jung quote. In composing a response, I've thought of alternate views to Jung's sentiments (Darwinian theory and evolution, as well as homology and the metamorphosis of plants, proposed by goethe more than 220 years ago).
Your post asks us not only to consider what threads comprise the fabric of golf today, and remnants of elements considered important when golf was in it's formative years - centuries ago. It also begs us to ponder how the game has evolved, and what it is today. What is viewed as important today.
I doubt golf would spring forth from the roots of Jung's theoretical plant in anything like the form it is today. And the differences would be present in myriad ways. Apparel, rules, competition. The concept of one having the honour on the next tee might not be present in whatever form of ball and stick game sprouted forth in 2016. There's scant examples of such conduct in today's society. I imagine there would be an informality inherent to the game.
Others have raised the issues of land availability, cost, time, resources. I dread that the 'new' golf would not boast the caliber of playing fields it does today. And that it would perhaps comprise some virtual element, reminiscent of Pokemon Go.
If the game were to be reborn to resemble its past self in some fashion , it may be the domain of the super rich, who commission private courses, for their own leisure. They'd perhaps enjoy layouts like the 9 hole Tilly design with three or four greens, on a modest parcel of land. Maybe places like the Sheep Ranch? I suspect courses would likely be dominated by contour, and large landforms, which provided adventure. I'm not sure bunkers would be a part of the plan either.
Who knows - they may be single hole layouts, costing $2 a play, in urban settings, adjoining skate ramps, and shopping malls.
Thanks again Peter!