Well, they did get permission, "St. Andrews is used in the title of this book with the permission of St. Andrews Links Trust, the charitable organization which manages the seven public golf courses in St. Andrews, Scotland. Creating golf’s future by honoring its past, St. Andrews Links Trust is dedicated to making the game available and open to all."
What characteristics would a course need to have to be considered a St. Andrews franchise, if the Trust allowed it?
Links golf
Walking golf
Hosts championships
Inexpensive to residents
By the sea
I guess Bandon could be considered also.