One aspect of empty space...negative space, background space is in how the course fits within it's environment. I think a lot of architects focus on that; the traditional subject matter framed by the filler space.
But when you want to challenge the greatest golfers in the world, and yet leave the course highly playable for the masses, I think you have to bring the empty space into the subject matter, like TD alluded to with the 2nd hole at PD.
Yes, you can make courses hard for the pros, and super hard for the guys like us, by challenging execution. I'm thinking of TPC Sawgrass, TPC Stadium...there are many others as well.
It is my belief that the best players like targets. Sure a deep green side bunker is to be avoided, but it also something the +6 can work the ball off of. Its a sign post. Take that same green and blend away the edge, stick the flag over there where the edge is invisible, pin sheet or not, it adds something. Now put that hole on a slope where you have to feed the ball to the hole, and firm up the green. Now where do you hit it, where do you aim? I can play that hole, my 72 year old mother can play that hole, and it can also challenge good players because of the empty space around the flag.