I'm certainly no expert in this area, but it seems like there are very few clubs that are 1) highly ranked/acclaimed and 2) located in small population areas where a price structure you described would be possible.
Let's look at the top 40 courses in the country per Golf Digest and put them into possible groups. Caveat: My assumptions aren't going to be correct for every coure, but this exercise is just to see where courses might fall. Feel free to revise as necessary.
Per my analysis, only 3 of the 40 might have the right characteristics:
a) small population area - local members with National members paying a higher cost: Crystal Downs, Prairie Dunes, Southern Hills
b) remote population area - mostly national members: Sand Hills
c) vacation/2nd home area: Seminole, Club at Black Rock, Fisher's Island, Wade Hampton
d) very exclusive: Augusta National, Cypress
e) resort or public: Pebble, Pacific Dunes, Whistling Straights, Kiawah Ocean Course, Bethpage Black, Pinehurst #2, Bandon Dunes
f) large population area: Pine Valley, Shinnecock, Oakmont, Merion, Winged Foot, Oak Hill, Cicago, National Golf Links, The Country Club, Muifield Village, Medina #3, Oakland Hills, Olympic, Catle Pines, Baltusrol Lower, Victoria National, Riviera, The Golf Club, San Francisco, Butler, Honors, Sebonack, Inverness