I can think of a couple of examples of courses I have played that have bunkers on the outside of a dogleg. Both place bunkers on the outside of the dogleg for good, solid strategic reasons: to open up the shot to the green.
The 14th hole at Roddy Ranch in NorCal, par 4: the hole doglegs subtley from right to left. The topography of the fairway is very intersting, rolling and crashing its way first uphill, the tumbling back down to the left. On the right outside corner sit two large fairway bunkers.
Since the hole doglegs left, one's first instinct is to try to shorten the hole by aiming at the inside of the dogleg. But the green itself sits on a bluff. A water hazard lies to the left of the green, down a steep slope. The green is canted from right to left in the front portion. A ridge runs through the green at about a 45-degree angle, separating it into two distinct portions. The back of the green is also canted dramatically right-to-left AND runs away from the golfer. No shot to this green could be described as easy, and it fact it is quite a frightening shot.
Since the green is best approached from the center or right-center of the fairway, and the fairway slopes dramatically from right to left, the placement of those fairway bunkers is perfect. The only way to get a tee shot to stay in the right center of the fairway, is to play directly at those bunkers or slightly inside them. A draw will then catch the slopes and trundle its way down the hill, both shortening the second shot and providing the optimal line to attack the green. A fade will provide an even better angle of attack, but is riskier. A fade that lands too softly will stay up on the top of the hill, leaving a very long approach shot.
If you play down the left side of the fairway you not only run the risk of overdoing it and ending up in some horrendous lie with the ball well above your feet, but the extreme left side of the fairway makes all shots difficult, especially so to a back left hole position. It is a wonderful design on a terrific golf course and a great use of bunkers on the outside of a dogleg.
The second example is the 14th hole at Mid Ocean Club in Bermuda, a course I've been fortunate to play many times. Ran's profile describes it well. The hole doglegs from left-to-right and the cluster of fairway bunkers is on the outside of the dogleg left for reasons that become apparent quickly as you approach the green:
"Fourteenth hole, 355 yards, Leven; Macdonald borrowed a design concept from the original seventh hole at Leven Golf Club in Scotland when he built the famous seventeenth at National Golf Links of America, long considered one of the best medium length par four holes in American golf. Similarly here, Macdonald created an arresting bunker complex down the left of the fairway and another stunning one at the green’s right front. The time-honored challenge is evident: flirt with the bunkers and drive the ball long left to be rewarded with a clear view of the green. As one shies away to the right, he is forced to accept a forced carry over the deep greenside bunker."