Michael,
I have one course that we remodeled just a three years ago, but where we elected for cost reasons to leave out liner, that is redoing its bunkers now. They are almost complete dirt, and the sand was high dollar (well, actually mid dollar) white when we started. This is in a clay soil, no rocks.
On a rocky site, before bunker liners were common, we had rocks starting to surface after three years.
All in all, I am guessing three years is about right. Five years tops. Of course, constant replacement of sand and more drainage than just a tile in the bottom might help.